• Damage symptoms

  • Nymphs and adults feed on plant sap. Feeding from certain species halts growth, causing curled leaves. Sometimes yellow spots appear.
  • Aphids excrete honeydew, which attracts mold. Mold not only soils the crop, but reduces photosynthesis which can stunt growth and reproduction.
  • Toxic substances can be transmitted into the plant.
  • Plant – pathogenic substances, particularly viruses, can be transmitted into the plant.

• Solutions

  • APHIPAR -Parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani
  • ERVIPAR - Parasitic wasp: Aphidius ervi
  • APHILIN - Parasitic wasp: Aphelinus abdominalis
  • APHIDEN - Predatory gall midge: Aphilodetes aphidimya
  • APHIDALIA - Predatory beetle : Adalia bipunctata
  • CHRYSOPA - Predatory lacewing: Chrysoperla carmea
  • SYRPHIDEN - Hoverfly: Episyrphus balteatus
  • APHIBANK / ERVIBANK - Banker plant system.

Thrips

Wester flower thrips Frankliniella occidentales and onion thrips Thrips tabaci, are a major problem in many protected crops. The larvae feed on all above ground pats of the plant, and are extremely mobile.

• Damage symptoms.

  • Thrips cause damage to the plant by piercing and sucking out cells on the leaf surface. This causes silver-grey spots on the leaves, with dark green spots (excretions) and reduces plant production. At high infection levels, leaves may even wither.
  • The most problematic virus transmitted by thrips is tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)

• Solutions

  • THRIPEX(-PLUS) - Predatory mite: Amblyseius (=Neoseiulus) cucumeris
  • SWIRSKI-MITE - Predatory bug: Amblyseius (=Tyohlodromips) swirskii
  • THRIPOR - Predatory mite: Orius laevigatus

Leaf miner

There are four leaf miners species, which are commmon pests: the tomato leaf miner Liriomyza bryoniae, the America serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifilii, the pea leaf miner Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza strigata.

Under natural conditions, the larvae of these species re well parasitized by several natural enemies. Problems wit leaf miners have increased as a result of the use of broad – spectrum pesticides: natural enemies are killed and the leaf miners develop resistance.

• Damage symptoms

  • Larvae cause mines at feeding. This can lead to cosmetic damage, laves drying or even early defoliation. The latter may affect the yield.
  • Female adults cause feeing marks where they feed. This causes cosmetic damage tot the plants. Indirect damage occurs when fungi or bacteria enter the feeding areas.

• Solutions

  • MIGLYPHUS - Paasitic wasp: Diglyphus isaes
  • MINUSA - Paasitic wasp: Dacnusa sibirica
  • MINEX - Parasitic wasps: 90% Dacnusa sibirica 10% Diglyphus isaes
  • DIMINEX - Parasitic wasps: 50% Dacnusa sibirica 50% Diglyphus isaes

Fungus gnats and shore files

Fungus gnats (Sciaridae) and shore files (Ephydridae) are pests, especially in young plant material. They can cause damage to seedlings, rootstock and cuttings of many plant species. In the cultivation of mushrooms they can be very annoying, and can cause both direct and indirect damage. These files are often found in moist, organic environments.

Pueden causar daños a las plántulas, las raíces y al esqueje de muchas especies vegetales. En cultivos de champiñones pueden ser muy molestas, y pueden causar tanto daños directos como indirectos. Estas moscas se encuentran sobre todo en lugares húmedos y ricos en materia orgánica.

• Damage symptoms

  • Direct damage can occur to young and/or weak plants in moist, organic environments, when larvae chew the plants’ roots. This reduces the uptake of water ad nutrients, causing the plants to die. Strong plants are only affected at very high levels of infection.
  • Indirect damage is caused when larvae transmit mites, nematodes, viruses and fungal spores. Adult sciarid files can also transmit various fungal spores. Larval feeding sites are also potential routes of fungal infection.

• Soluciones

  • ENTONEM - Entomopathogenic nematode : Steinernema feltiae
  • SCIA-RID - Entomopathogeic nematode: Steinernema ssp
  • ENTOMITE - Predatory mite: Hypoaspis aculeifer

Other pests and diseases

Agricultural crops are exposed to a large variety of pests. As not al pests occur routinely and in large-scale infestations, the destructive potential of such insects should not be ignored. Plant damage from mealy bugs, vine weevils and caterpillars can be very serious.

• Damage symptoms

  • Mealy bug nymphs and adults feed on plant sap. This feeding reduces growth and causes deformation and/or yellowing on the leaf. Sometimes defoliation can occur. This can reduce yield or cause cosmetic damage. Infested flowering plants often drop their flowers.
  • Vine weevil are only active at night. They make semi-circular bites from the edges of leaves. This notching decreases the ornamental value of the plant. Larvae cause the most damage when feeding o roots hairs and the stem base.
  • Caterpillars mainly feed on the undersides of the leaves. The upper layer (epidermis) remains undamaged. If caterpillars mature, they disperse on the plant. They cause small holes in the leaves initially, which become larger. Some species also attack fruits or flowers. The large amount of excrements from caterpillars soils the crop.

• Solutions

  • CRYPTOBUG -Predatory beetle: Cryptoleamus montrouzieri
  • APHYTIS - Parasitic wasp: Aphytis melinus
  • LARVANEM - Nemátodo entomopatógeno: : Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
  • TERRANEM - Nemátodo entomopatógeno: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
  • CAPSANEM - Nemátodo entomopatógeno: Steinernema caspocapsae
  • TRICHOGRAMMA BRASSICAE - Parasitic wasp: Trichogramma brassicae
  • TRIANUM - Fungus: Trichoderma harzianum-T 22

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